Declining cities are cities with significant decline in industrial activity as well as high rates of outward migration in the past 5 years. Production processes refer to the extraction, manufacturing and assembly processes to produce goods.

Protests in Serbia emerged in 2023 following public anger over instances of infrastructure failure and allegations of government negligence. By March 2024, the movement had expanded to encompass broader grievances against President Aleksandar Vučić’s government. While the movement has largely maintained distance from established opposition parties, some factions later formed into electoral coalitions to contest elections.